Passive/Causative/Causative-Passive
動詞に -(r)areru が付いた形（受身形）や -(s)aseru が付いた形（使役形）を使うと、名詞につくマーカーが変わります。
（能動文）(1) 田中さんが 木村さんを なぐった。
行為をする人・ものがガで、行為を受ける人・ものがヲでマークされます。
（受身文）(2) 木村さんが 田中さんに なぐられた。
行為を受ける人・ものがガでマークされます。行為をする人・ものは、普通、ニでマークされます。
（使役文）(3) 山本さんが 田中さんに 木村さんを なぐらせた。
出来事を起こそうとした人（causer ＝命令や指示をした人）がガでマークされます。実際に行為をする人は、ニ／ヲでマークされます。
受身文には(2)とは違うタイプのものもあります。
(4) スミスさんは雨に降られて、風邪を引いてしまいました。
「（雨が）降る」は、行為を受ける人・ものがない動詞です。このような動詞を使って受身文を作る場合、行為の影響を受ける人が主語になります。
(5) 鈴木さんは、欲しかった家を別の人に先に買われたので、悔しがっています。
また、(5)の受身文では、(2)と違って行為を受けるものがヲでマークされています。このような受身文でも、行為の影響を受ける人が主語になります。
(4)や(5)のような受身文は、良くない影響を受ける場合によく使われるため、「迷惑の受身文」と呼ぶこともあります。
The particle attached to a noun changes depending on whether one adds –(r)areru (passive) or –(s)aseru (causative) to the verb.
Active Sentence: 1. Mr. Tanaka hit Mr. Kimura.
The actor (the person or thing carrying out the action) is marked by the particle ga, while the receiver (the person or thing being acted upon) is marked by the particle wo.
Passive Sentence: 2. Mr. Kimura was hit by Mr. Tanaka.
The receiver is marked by the particle ga, while the actor is usually marked by ni.
Causative Sentence: 3. Mr. Yamamoto made Mr. Tanaka hit Mr. Kimura.
The person trying to cause the action (hereafter the causer, i.e. person who gave the command or instruction) is marked by ga. The person who actually carries out the action is marked by wo or ni if there is already an object in the sentence that must be marked by wo.
There is a second type of passive construction, slightly different to 2, that does not have an equivalent in English. In passive sentences like 4 and 5, the action or influence imparted is often negative, so the construction is sometimes called the “suffering passive”.
4. Mr. Smith was rained on and caught a cold.
For the noun “rain”, “to fall” is an intransitive verb and does not require an object (a person or thing being acted upon). Thus, when one makes a passive sentence with this sort of verb, the person being acted upon becomes the subject.
5. Mr. Suzuki felt chagrin at the fact (regretted the fact) that the house he wanted to buy was bought by someone else first.
In the passive sentence 5, the person being acted upon is marked by ha, unlike in sentence 2. Even in this sort of passive sentence, the person being acted upon is the subject of the sentence. (As you can see, while the subject of the Japanese sentence remains “Mr. Suzuki”, in English it must change to “the house”. Perhaps the closest – but unnatural and unclear – translation would be something like “Mr. Suzuki had his dream house bought by someone else.”)